![]() ![]() Health and regulatory authorities have recently highlighted the risk of consumption among pregnant and lactating women, children, adolescents, young adults, and people with underlying heart and other health conditions. Of particular concern is the rate of caffeine intake among populations potentially vulnerable to its negative effects. This recent increase in caffeine-containing food products, as well as changes in patterns of consumption of the more traditional sources of caffeine, has increased scrutiny by health authorities and regulatory bodies of the overall consumption of caffeine and its potential cumulative effects on behavior and physiology. Historically, this addition was limited to soda-type beverages, but over the past decade, caffeine has been added to a diverse variety of foods and non-food items to promote arousal, alertness, energy, and elevated mood ( 3– 5). Synthetic caffeine is also added to products to enhance their stimulant properties. Natural sources of dietary caffeine include coffee, tea, and chocolate. It occurs naturally in the leaves and seeds of many plants and has a taste bitter enough to deter pests ( 2). We also identified several gaps in the literature on which we based recommendations for the future of caffeine research.Ĭaffeine is the most widely consumed psychoactive drug in the world ( 1) and one of the most comprehensively studied ingredients in the food supply. We report that, for healthy adults, caffeine consumption is relatively safe, but that for some vulnerable populations, caffeine consumption could be harmful, including impairments in cardiovascular function, sleep, and substance use. Here, we review the research into the safety and safe doses of ingested caffeine in healthy and in vulnerable populations. Of particular concern is the rate of caffeine intake among populations potentially vulnerable to the negative effects of caffeine consumption: pregnant and lactating women, children and adolescents, young adults, and people with underlying heart or other health conditions, such as mental illness. Over the past decade, the introduction of new caffeine-containing food products, as well as changes in consumption patterns of the more traditional sources of caffeine, has increased scrutiny by health authorities and regulatory bodies about the overall consumption of caffeine and its potential cumulative effects on behavior and physiology. Synthetic caffeine is also added to products to promote arousal, alertness, energy, and elevated mood. Natural sources of caffeine include coffee, tea, and chocolate. Portions of this document last updated: Aug.Caffeine is the most widely consumed psychoactive drug in the world. You may report side effects to the FDA at 1-80. If you notice any other effects, check with your healthcare professional.Ĭall your doctor for medical advice about side effects. Other side effects not listed may also occur in some patients. Check with your health care professional if any of the following side effects continue or are bothersome or if you have any questions about them: More common Also, your health care professional may be able to tell you about ways to prevent or reduce some of these side effects. These side effects may go away during treatment as your body adjusts to the medicine. Some side effects may occur that usually do not need medical attention. ![]() Get emergency help immediately if any of the following symptoms of overdose occur: Symptoms of overdose Vomiting of blood or material that looks like coffee grounds Check with your doctor immediately if any of the following side effects occur: More commonīurning feeling or tenderness in the stomach
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